APPLICATION OF SOFT COMPUTING TECHNIQUES OVER HARD COMPUTING TECHNIQUES: A SURVEY

Soft computing is the fusion of different constituent elements. The main aim of this fusion to solve real-world problems, which are not solve by traditional approach that is hard computing. Actually, in our daily life maximum problem having uncertainty and vagueness information. So hard computing fail to solve this problems, because it give exact solution. To overcome this situation soft computing techniques plays a vital role, because it has capability to deal with uncertainty and vagueness and produce approximate result. This paper focuses on application of soft computing techniques over hard computing techniques

Dynamical Characteristics of Atmospheric Aerosols over IG Region

The dynamical characteristics of atmospheric aerosols over the Indo-Gangetic (IG) region are primarily dependent on the geographical settings and meteorological conditions. Detailed analysis of multi satellite data and ground observations have been carried out over three different cities i.e. Kanpur, Greater Noida and Amritsar during 2010-2013. Level-3 Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) terra daily global grid product with spatial resolution of 1° × 1° shows the mean AOD at 500 nm wavelength value of 0.73, 0.70 and 0.67 with the standard deviation of 0.43, 0.39 and 0.36 respectively over Amritsar, Greater Noida and Kanpur. Our detailed analysis shows characteristic behavior of aerosols from west to east in the IG region depending upon the proximity of desert regions of Arabia. We have observed large influx of dusts from the Thar desert and Arabia peninsula during pre-monsoon season (April–June), highly affecting Amritsar which is close to the desert region

Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Assessment of Surface Water Quality of a Himalayan Wetland Deoria Tal, India

The Water Quality Index (WQI) is considered as an important method to assess the water quality of a water body for its users. This study was carried out to assess the water quality of a Himalayan wetland Deoria Tal. Deoria Tal is one of the most important wetlands of the Garhwal Himalaya, India. It is the major destination for tourists, trekkers and local inhabitants. The water samples were collected for a period of one year during April, 2014 to March, 2015. In order to develop the water quality index samples were subjected to a comprehensive physico-chemical analysis of 20 parameters which include air temperature, water temperature, pH, conductivity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, free CO2, biochemical oxygen demand, total dissolved solids, transparency, total alkalinity, hardness, chlorides, sulphates, phosphates, nitrates, Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium and Sodium. The WQI was calculated and the value was obtained as 76.15. Most of the values of physico-chemical parameters are within the prescribed limits of WHO/BIS for drinking water. Water Quality Index (WQI) calculated based on the weight values of these parameters also revealed the ‘good’ quality of lake water. The α-diversity of microbes was found to be 18 in the water of Deoria Tal. The water of the lake is fit for human consumption. Keeping in view the importance of the lake and to provide the sustainable water quality for users its conservation and management is priority in the Himalayan region. Keywords: Himalayan wetland; Deoria Tal; Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand; water quality index; physico-chemical parameter

Impact of elevated carbon dioxide and temperature on wheat production under sub temperate climate in north western Himalayas, India

Wheat is the second most important cereal crop and plays a key role in food and nutritional security. The study examines the impact of elevated carbon dioxide and temperature under limited irrigations on wheat crop using crop growth simulation models under sub temperate climate. The Info Crop model was validated using the historical data generated by the research trials of All India Coordinated Research Improvement Project at Palampur, Himachal Pradesh. The model was run for 20 years from 1991 to 2010 for Palampur weather station. The results revealed 3.6 to 4.0 percent and 1.7 to 7.5 percent increase in simulated crop yield with 420 and 470 ppm CO2 respectively. The elevated maximum and minimum temperature by 1 and 20C with 370 ppm carbon dioxide reduced the anthesis period by 5-7 and 9-11 days respectively over the sowing window of November 15th to December 30th. Similarly, days to maturity also reduced by 4-5 and 7-8 days with 1 and 20C rise in temperature respectively. The simulated crop yield showed increase by 17.9 to 63.0 and 33.2 to 133.4 percent with 1 and 20C rise in temperature at 370 ppm CO2 under limited irrigations. The simulated grain yield at 420 ppm CO2 showed an increase of 23 to 69.7 percent with 10C and 39.5 to 123.5 percent with 20C whereas at 470 ppm CO2 level the increase was 27.9 to 76.1 at 10C and 46.4 to 133.0 percent with 20C rise in maximum and minimum temperatures respectively. Hence, simulated results of elevated temperature and CO2 levels proved to be beneficial in rabi wheat with adaptations strategy of limited irrigations under sub temperate climate of North Western Himalaya

Ultrasonic Standoff Photoacoustic Sensor for the Detection of Explosive and Hazardous Molecules

Standoff photoacoustic spectroscopic technique has been studied for the detection of hazardous molecules adsorbed on surfaces and in vapour/aerosols form in open air. Detection and identification of components in explosive mixtures in trace amounts is very challenging by any point or standoff spectroscopic detection technique. Discusses detection and identification of such components using standoff laser photoacoustic spectroscopic technique. Laser photoacoustic spectra of various trace molecules in the mid-infrared spectral band 7 μm - 9 μm have been recorded in vapor, aerosol, liquid forms as well as samples adsorbed on surfaces such as plastic and cloth. Pulsed quantum cascade laser is modulated at a frequency of 42 kHz resonant with that of microphone. Hazardous chemicals/explosives adsorbed on plastic and cloths surfaces were detected from a standoff distance up to 1.5 m. The sensitivities were found to be 20 μg/cm2, 20 μl liquid and 1.0 ppm corresponding to solid, liquid and vapour phases respectively. The chemicals/explosives used in the study were PETN, DNT, Acetone, and DMMP. Our study suggests that the photoacoustic technique has high selectivity and sensitivity for the trace detection and be used for screening of suspicious objects for security applications as a handy product

JAULAKAVACHARANA (HIRUDOTHERAPY): A UNIQUE PARA SURGICAL MEASURE

Raktamokshana (bloodletting) is a parasurgical procedure directed for the treatment of Raktajaroga (blood-borne diseases) along with many surgical diseases. Among different types of Raktamokshana, Leech therapy is practiced since ancient time. Acharaya Sushruta, the Father of Indian surgery has devoted an entire chapter on Jalaukavacharana for the purpose of bloodletting. It is considered as most unique and most effective method of bloodletting. It is safely indicated in all mankind including the patients having poor threshold to pain. The important advantage of Leech therapy is that it may be advised on those areas of body where other methods of bloodletting like Venesection (Siravedhan), cupping (Ghatiyantra) etc., are not possible. According to Ayurveda, Jalauka is used to expel out the vitiated blood safely, quickly and effectively. From modern perspective, the saliva of leech contains about hundred biological active substances. Leeches not only suck the impure blood but also leave behind their saliva, which contains enzymes that help to cure the disease. In present era, leech therapy has emerged as widely useful therapy in large number of diseases and is attracting the eyes of researchers all over the world

Influence of Auxins on Rooting Efficacy in Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) Cuttings

Effect of various auxins (IBA, IAA and NAA) on different types of cuttings was investigated to determine efficacy of auxins in promoting rooting in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.). Auxin and type of cutting significantly affected rooting traits. NAA was found to be more effective in promoting early rooting and inducing profuse rooting, root number, fresh and dry weight of roots and longer roots. Among the auxins used, earliest rooting (18.69 days), highest rooting percentage (58.70 %), number of roots (13.18), root length (12.26 cm), and, highest fresh and dry weight of roots (4.93g and 45.08 mg), respectively, were obtained with NAA @ 500 ppm. Tip cuttings responded better in rooting-characteristic of carnation - than basal cuttings, and recorded highest rooting percentage (73.02 %) and number of roots (12.25), longest roots (10.04cm) and maximum fresh and dry weight of roots (4.27 g and 43.19 mg), respectively. Interaction effect of auxin and cutting type was found to the significant, and highest rooting percentage, (85.26%), number of roots (18.36), longest roots (14.81cm), and highest fresh and dry weight of roots (6.85g and 68.02mg), respectively, observed with NAA @ 500 ppm in tip cuttings

A uniformity trial on Indian mustard for determination of optimum size and shape of blocks

The aim of this study was to estimate the optimum block size with the shape for field research experiments. A uniform crop of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) variety RH-749 was raised during 2013-14 rabi season over an area of 48m × 48m (2304 basic units) at Research Farm of Oilseed section, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana, India. The harvesting of crop was done in small units each of size lm × lm (1m2). The blocks of sizes 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 plots with various shapes, for different plot sizes were considered. The coefficient of variation (CV) decreased from 10.66 to 3.89 with the increase in block size from 4 to 24 , indicating that as the block size increased, homogeneity within the block also increases and the blocks elongated in E-W direction were more effective in reducing error variation than those elongated in N-S direction. It was also observed that C.V. without blocking (20.04) was much higher in comparison with the C.V. with blocking (3.89), thus indicating that blocking was beneficial in reducing error variation. The 24 plot blocks were found to be most efficient with 12m × 2m block shape. Rectangular blocks are also advisable either when the experimenter does not have any idea about the fertility pattern of the experimental area or when border effects are large

Terenska istraživanja bakterijske etiologije pobačaja u nomadskih ovaca i koza u sjeverozapadnim brdovitim područjima Indije

A field study on the bacterial etiology of abortions among sheep and goats having migratory practices in the northwest hilly states of India was carried out. A total of 203 flocks were investigated. Abortion outbreaks occurred in 51 flocks and sporadic abortions occurred in 114 flocks. Vaginal swabs from aborted sheep and goats were collected and processed for isolation of bacterial agents from 37 flocks with abortion outbreaks and 56 flocks with sporadic abortions. Bacteria known to cause abortions were identified in 30 flocks with abortion outbreaks including Chlamydophila spp. (17 flocks), Brucella melitensis (4 flocks), Listeria monocytogenes (8 flocks), and one Salmonella Dublin. L. ivanovii was also isolated from sheep in one of the flocks with L. monocytogenes. No specific causes of abortion were identified in flocks having sporadic abortions. The results also show that Chlamydophila spp. abortions are more likely to occur in goats than in sheep and that Brucella abortions occur more often in sheep.U radu su provedena terenska istraživanja bakterijske etiologije pobačaja u ovaca i koza kod nomadskog načina stočarenja u sjevero-zapadnim brdovitim državama Indije. Pretražena su 203 stada. Pobačaji su se masovno javljali u 51, a sporadično u 114 stada. Vaginalni obrisci uzeti su od ovaca i koza iz 37 stada s masovnom pojavom pobačaja te iz 56 stada sa sporadičnim pobačajima. Bakterije poznate kao uzročnici pobačaja dokazane su u 30 stada s masovnom pojavom pobačaja. Tako je dokazana Chlamydophila spp. (u 17 stada), Brucella melitensis (u 4 stada), Listeria monocytogenes (u 8 stada), a u jednom stadu Salmonella Dublin. L. Ivanovii izdvojena je iz ovaca u jednom stadu zajedno s vrstom L. monocytogenes. Specifični uzročnici pobačaja nisu bili dokazani u stadima sa sporadičnom pojavom pobačaja. Rezultati su pokazali da su se klamidijski pobačaji češće javljali u koza nego u ovaca, a oni uzrokovani brucelama češće u ovaca

Indoor Air Pollution and Its Determinants in Household Settings in Jaipur, India

Individuals spend 90% of their time indoors, primarily at home or at work. Indoor environmental factors have a signifcant impact on human well-being. It was a longitudinal study that assessed the major factors that reduce indoor air quality, namely particulate matter, and bio-aerosols, using low-cost sensors and the settle plate method, respectively also to determine the effect of atmospheric parameters and land use patterns in households of commercial, industrial, residential, slum, and rural areas of the city. PM2.5 concentration levels were similar in most parts of the day across all sites. PM10.0 concentration levels increased indoors in a commercial area. PM2.5 concentration showed a negative correlation with temperature and a positive correlation with relative humidity in some areas. Very high values of PM2.5 concentration and PM10.0 concentration have been observed in this study, inside households of selected rural and urban areas. Pathogenic gram-positive cocci, gram-positive rods, Aspergillus, and Mucor species were the most common bacterial and fungal species respectively found inside households. This study examined particulate matter concentration along with bio-aerosols, as very less studies have been conducted in Jaipur the capital of Rajasthan, a state in the western part of India which assessed both of these factors together to determine the indoor air quality. Rural households surrounding the periphery of the city were found to have similar pollution levels as urban households. So, this study may form the basis for reducing pollution inside households and also for taking suitable measures for the reduction of pollution in the indoor environment